Презентация к уроку по биологии (8 класс) по теме: «Скелет. Строение скелета. Значение скелета».

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Строение скелета. Значение скелета. Скелет человека

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задачи урока Определить значение скелета Изучить строение скелета, его основные части Научиться распознавать части скелета, показывать их на таблицах и муляжах Уточнить особенности скелета, связанные с прямохождением человека

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Значение скелета Прочтите текст учебника на с. 100-101 Определите главные функции скелета Выполните задание № 92 в р абочей тетради (с. 62)

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Строение скелета В скелете различают: Скелет головы (череп) Скелет туловища Скелет верхних и нижних конечностей

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Скелет головы (череп) Череп состоит из 23 отдельных костей и надежно укрывает мозг. В черепе выделяют крупный и меньший отделы. мозговой лицевой

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Мозговой отдел черепа Кости мозгового отдела: Лобная кость Две височные кости Две теменные кости Затылочная кость

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Лицевой отдел черепа

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Развитие формы нижней челюсти 1 — челюсть новорожденного 2 — челюсть четырехлетнего ребенка 3 — челюсть 6-летнего ребенка 4 — челюсть взрослого человека 5 — челюсть старика (зубы выпали)

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задание Выполните задание № 100 в рабочей тетради (с. 65) Подпишите названия костей черепа. Подчеркните названия парных костей

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позвоночник + грудная клетка Скелет туловища

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Позвоночник Позвоночник состоит из 33-34 позвонков и пяти отделов: шейного — 7 позвонков, грудного — 12, поясничного — 5, крестцового — 5 и копчикового — 4-5 позвонков.

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Позвоночный столб новорожденного почти прямой, а при дальнейшем развитии образуются изгибы позвоночника. Позвоночник имеет два изгиба вперед — лордозы (шейный и поясничный) и два изгиба назад — кифозы (грудной и крестцовый). Позвоночник

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Основное назначение изгибов – ослабление сотрясения головы и туловища при ходьбе, беге, прыжках. Позвоночник ?

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Позвоночник

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задание Рассмотрите модели позвонков Сравните их с рисунками учебника (с. 109) Выполните задание № 103 в рабочей тетради (с. 67) Позвонок состоит из тела и дуги, от которой отходит 7 отростков: остистый, 2 поперечных и 4 суставных. Тело позвонка обращено вперед, а остистый отросток – назад. В середине находится позвоночное отверстие; отверстия всех позвонков образуют канал, в котором находится спинной мозг.

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Грудная клетка образована12 парами ребер, подвижно соединенных с грудным отделом позвоночника и с грудиной (грудной костью). Грудная клетка защищает сердце, легкие, крупные сосуды от повреждений, служит местом прикрепления дыхательных мышц и некоторых мышц верхних конечностей. Грудная клетка

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Скелет конечностей

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Плечевой пояс Скелет свободной верхней конечности Верхняя конечность

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Тазовый пояс Скелет свободной нижней конечности Нижняя конечность Г олень Стопа

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задание Рассмотрите рисунки скелетов верхней и нижней конечностей в учебнике (с. 110-111) Выполните задание № 102 в рабочей тетради (с. 66)

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Особенности скелета, связанные с прямохождением

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Особенности скелета, связанные с прямохождением В строении скелета позвоночных животных и человека много общего – они построены по единому плану. Скелет человека и скелет лошади

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Позвоночник имеет изгибы Особенности скелета, связанные с прямохождением

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Массивные кости нижних конечностей толще и прочнее костей рук Особенности скелета, связанные с прямохождением

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Грудная клетка расширена в стороны Особенности скелета, связанные с прямохождением Грудная клетка животного Грудная клетка человека

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Тазовый пояс широкий, имеет вид чаши 1. Таз шимпанзе 2. Таз человека 1 2 Особенности скелета, связанные с прямохождением

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Сводчатая стопа Особенности скелета, связанные с прямохождением

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Итоги урока Значение скелета Строение скелета Особенности скелета человека, связанные с прямохождением Впечатления от урока?

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Спасибо за внимание и работу!

90000 Skeletal System. Bones The skeleton has two major parts: 1.Axial skeleton are the bones of the head and trunk 2.Appendicular skeleton are the bones of. 90001 90002 Presentation on theme: «Skeletal System. Bones The skeleton has two major parts: 1.Axial skeleton are the bones of the head and trunk 2.Appendicular skeleton are the bones of.» — Presentation transcript: 90003 90004 1 Skeletal System 90005 90006 90007 90004 2 Bones The skeleton has two major parts: 1.Axial skeleton are the bones of the head and trunk 2.Appendicular skeleton are the bones of the pelvis shoulder girdle and limbs. 90009 90006 90007 90004 3 Bones Functions of the skeleton 1.Aid in movement of the body 2.Support and protect internal body organs 3.Produce red and white blood cells 4.Store minerals for the bodies usage. 90013 90006 90007 90004 4 Bones Ossification-process of bone formation.Ossification begins in week 8 of an embryos development. A baby is born with 270 bones and an adult has 206 bones A babies bones are soft and ossification continues and makes them hard and able to bear weight. 90017 90006 90007 90004 5 Bones  Diaphysis-long bone containing a shaft.  Epiphysis-end of long bone  Medullary canal-center of the shaft where bone marrow is  Spongy bone-breakdown of hard bone  Periosteum-fibrous tissue covering the bone 90021 90006 90007 90004 6 Bones Bone growth starts from the center of the diaphysis and moves to the epiphyseal ends (end of the bones) 90025 90006 90007 90004 7 Bones  Osteoblasts-bone cells involved in the formation of new bone. Osteoclasts-bone cells involved in the breakdown of old bone. 90029 90006 90007 90004 8 Bones When the epiephyseal cartilage is completely ossified growth stops. This is approximately 18 in females and 20-21 in males. Does this mean bone growth stops? Why or why not? 90033 90006 90007 90004 9 Bones-Types  Long Bones-arms and legs  Flat Bones-skull, ribs, sternum  Irregular bones- spinal cord  Short bones- cubelike bones of the tarsals and carpals 90037 90006 90007 90004 10 Bones  Simple / closed fracture- break in bone that does not pierce skin Femur fracture 90041 90006 90007 90004 11 Bones  Open / Compound Fracture- the fractured end penetrates the skin.Possible infection. tibia / fibula fracture 90045 90006 90007 90004 12 Bones-Injuries  Comminuted Fracture- break in bone where it is fractured in many pieces Tibia / fibula fracture 90049 90006 90007.90000 Skeletal System FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON Support of trunk and skull 90001 90002 Presentation on theme: «Skeletal System FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON Support of trunk and skull» — Presentation transcript: 90003 90004 1 90005 Skeletal System FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON Support of trunk and skull 90006 90007 Protection of underling organs Movement — attachment for muscles Mineral homeostasis Hemopoiesis — all blood cells Energy Storage CLASSIFICATION OF BONES Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Seasmoid bone develop within a tendon Wormian bones tiny bones in between major skull bones Click screen to add animated notes 90008 90007 90010 90004 2 90005 PARTS OF A LONG BONE Periosteum outer fibrous protective covering 90006 90007 Diaphysis — shaft Mainly compact bone Medullary cavity contains yellow marrow lined with endosteum Periosteum outer fibrous protective covering osteogenic layer attached to bone by Sharpey’s fibers serves as an insertion for ligaments and tendons.Click screen to add animated notes Epiphyses -proximal and distal ends covered with articular cartilage mainly spongy (cancellous) bone trabeculae (small needle like projections) red marrow-hematopoietic contains the epiphyseal (growth) plate 90015 90007 90010 90004 3 90005 Bone Features Joint Structures Fossa Condyle Epicondyle Head 90006 90007 For Muscle attachment Trochanter Tuberosity Process Crest Linea Fovea Tubercle Click screen to add animated notes Passageways for vessels, etc.Foramen Fissure Meatus Space within a Bone — Sinus 90022 90007 90010 90004 4 90005 Compact and Spongy Bone 90006 90007 Click screen to add animated notes 90029 90007 90010 90004 5 90005 MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE 90006 90007 Spongy bone microscopic structure trabeculae spaces filled with red marrow Compact bone Microscopic structure Made of osteons (Haversian System) concentric lamellae (calcified matrix) central canal containing blood vessels and nerves osteocytes in lacunae Canals carrying nutrients to osteocytes Canaliculi -connecting lacunae Volkmans’s -connecting osteons (right angles to central canals) Click screen to add animated notes Chemical structure Organic components (35%) Cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Osteoid — mainly collagen for tensile strength Inorganic component — 65% (hydroxyapatite- calcium phosphate) gives hardness to bone.90036 90007 90010 90004 6 90005 Embryonic Bone Development (Osteogeneis) 90006 90007 fontanel Intramembranous (ossification of fibrous CT) — flat bones Osteoprogenitor cell differentiate into osteoblasts Ossification’s centers develop in the center of the bone Periosteum develops and blood vessels invade developing centers Endochondral (Ossification of hyaline cartilage) — long bones Calcified cartilage Ossification centers (primary & secondary) Invasion of blood vessels Formation of the medullary cavity Click screen to add animated notes Epiphyseal plate 90007 90010 90004 7 90005 BONE GROWTH Physical Stress — stimulates bone growth 90006 90007 Width (appositional growth) — occurs in nutrient periosteum Bone remoldeing — resorption and depositing Length (longitudinal growth) — Epiphyseal plate Proliferation zone Zone of hypertrophy Calcification of dead cells Bone trabeculae -> Compact bone Factors effecting bone growth / homeostasis Nutrition — Ca, P, Mg, vitamins, A, C and D.Hormones in general — Growth, Thyroid, Sex Click screen to add animated notes Hormones that maintain blood calcium Parathyroid — released when? Vitamin D for Ca + absorption Resorption of Ca + by kidneys Stimulation of osteoclasts Calcitonin — released when? stimulates osteoblast activity 90007 90010 90004 8 90005 Bone Fractures Fracture Repair Osteoporosis Animation & another source 90006 90007 Click screen to add animated notes 90007 90010.90000 PPT — The Axial Skeleton PowerPoint Presentation, free download 90001 90002 90003 90004 The Axial Skeleton 90005 • Forms the longitudinal axis of the body • Divided into three parts • Skull- protects the brain • Vertebral column — protects the spinal column • Bony thorax- protects thoracic cavity (heart & lungs) 90006 90007 90008 90003 90004 The Axial Skeleton 90005 Figure 5.6a 90006 90007 90014 90003 90004 The Axial Skeleton 90005 Figure 5.6b 90006 90007 90020 90003 90004 The Skull 90005 • Two sets of bones • Cranium • Facial bones • Bones are joined by sutures- interlocking joints; immovable joints that connec bones of skull • Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint 90006 90007 90026 90003 90004 Major Sutures of the skull 90005 90006 90007 90032 90003 90004 Bones of the Cranium 90005 • Frontal • Sphenoid • Ethmoid • Right Parietal • Left Parietal • Right Temporal • Left Temporal • Occipital 90006 90007 90038 90003 90004 Facial Bones 90005 • Maxillae • Palantine • Zygomatic • Lacrimal • Nasal • Vomer • Inferior Nasal Conchae • Mandible 90006 90007 90044 90003 90004 Human Skull, Lateral View 90005 Bone forming anterior cranium Bone pair united by sagittal suture Has greater and lesser wings Site of external auditory meatus Superior and inferior nasal conchae are part of this bone Its «holey plate allows olfactory fibers to pass allows tear ducts to pass Boney skeleton of the nose Cheek bone Forms most of hard palate Upper jaw Figure 5.7 90006 90007 90050 90003 90004 Human Skull, Superior View 90005 • Has greater and lesser wings • Contains a «saddle» that houses the pituitary gland ** forms a plateau across the width of the skull Figure 5.8 90006 90007 90056 90003 90004 Human Skull, Inferior View 90005 Forms most of hard palate Posterior roof of mouth Inferior part of nasal septum Site of jugular foramen and carotid canal • Its oval-shaped protrusions articulate with the atlas • Spinal cord passes through opening Figure 5.9 90006 90007 90062 90003 90004 Human Skull, Anterior View 90005 Sagittal suture Contains a paranasal sinus Contains a paranasal sinus Squamoussutrue (Greater wing) Contains a paranasal sinus • Contain alveoli bearing teeth • Facial bone that contains a sinus Inferior part of nasal septum • Forms the chin • Contain alveoli bearing teeth Figure 5.11 90006 90007 90068 90003 90004 Paranasal Sinuses 90005 • Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity • Functions of paranasal sinuses • Lighten the skull • Give resonance and amplification to voice 90006 90007 90074 90003 90004 Paranasal Sinuses 90005 Figure 5.10a 90006 90007 90080 90003 90004 Paranasal Sinuses 90005 Figure 5.10b 90006 90007 90086 90003 90004 The Hyoid Bone 90005 * not really a skull bone • The only bone that does not articulate with another bone • Serves as a moveable base for the tongue • Aids in swallowing and speech 90006 90007 90092 90003 90004 The Hyoid Bone 90005 Figure 5.12 90006 90007 90098 90003 90004 The Fetal Skull aka BIG HEAD 90005 • The fetal skull is large compared to the infant’s total body length • Fetal skull is 1 / 4th total body length • Adult skull is only 1 / 8th total body length • Fontanels-fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones • Allows skull to be compressed during birth and allows for brain growth during late fetal life • Convert to bone within 24 months after birth 90006 90007 90104 90003 90004 The Fetal Skull 90005 Figure 5.13a 90006 90007 90110 90003 90004 The Fetal Skull 90005 Face is smaller in proportion to cranium Figure 5.13b 90006 90007 90116 90003 90004 The Vertebral Column 90005 • Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location • There are 24 single vertebral bones separated by intervertebraldiscs — made up of fibrocartilage • Seven cervical vertebrae are in the neck • Twelvethoracic vertebrae are in the chest region • Fivelumbar vertebrae are associated with the lower back • Herniated disc = a slipped disc; protruding cartilage from vertebra.Causes pain and numbness 90006 90007 90122 90003 90004 The Vertebral Column 90005 • Nine vertebrae fuse to form two composite bones • Sacrum- five components; fused • Coccyx- tail bone 90006 90007 90128 90003 90004 The Vertebral Column 90005 Figure 5.14 90006 90007 90134 90003 90004 The Vertebral Column 90005 • The spine has a normal curvature • Primary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions • Present from birth • Secondary curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions • Develop after birth 90006 90007 90140 90003 90004 The Vertebral Column C shaped spine 90005 Figure 5.15 90006 90007 90146 90003 90004 The Vertebral Column 90005 Figure 5.16 90006 90007 90152 90003 90004 A Typical Vertebrae, Superior View 90005 Figure 5.17 90006 90007 90158 90003 90004 Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae 90005 Atlas lacks a body Pivots with C2 Axis articulates with the occipital condyles Figure 5.18a 90006 90007 90164 90003 90004 Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae 90005 Forked spinous process Figure 5.18b 90006 90007 90170 90003 90004 Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae 90005 Bear facets for articulation with ribs; form part of the bony thoracic cage Figure 5.18c 90006 90007 90176 90003 90004 Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae 90005 Vertebrae with blocklike body and short stout spinous process Figure 5.18d 90006 90007 90182 90003 90004 Sacrum and Coccyx 90005 • Sacrum • Formed by the fusion of five vertebrae • Forms a joint with the hip bone • Coccyx • Formed from the fusion of three to five vertebrae • «Tailbone,» or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have 90006 90007 90188 90003 90004 Sacrum and Coccyx 90005 Figure 5.19 90006 90007 90194 90003 90004 The Bony Thorax 90005 • Forms a cage to protect major organs-cone shaped • Consists of three parts • Sternum • Ribs • True ribs (pairs 1-7) • False ribs (pairs 8-12) • Floating ribs (pairs 11-12) • Thoracic vertebrae 90006 90007 90200 90003 90004 The Bony Thorax 90005 Figure 5.20a 90006 90007 90206 90003 90004 Kyphosis 90005 90006 90007 90212 90003 90004 Scoliosis 90005 90006 90007 90218 90003 90004 Lordosis 90005 • Lordosisis a condition that causes the spine to curve towards the body at an exaggerated rate. This curvature makes the individual appear to have a swayback. • Signs of lordosis include a prominent protrusion of the buttocks. An inflexible spine in the affected area signals a severe case of lordosis. Individuals with lordosis and a flexible spine may require no treatment beyond physical therapy.Treatment for lordosis with an inflexible spine includes using a brace and possible surgery. 90006 90007.90000 PPT — The Axial Skeleton PowerPoint Presentation, free download 90001 90002 90003 90004 The Axial Skeleton 90005 Divisions of the Skeleton Lecture 2 90006 90007 90008 90003 90004 Bony Framework of the Head and Trunk 90005 • Consists of 80 bones • Framework of the Skull • Cranium • Composed of eight distinct cranial bones • Frontal bone: forms the forehead • Frontal sinuses communicate with the nasal cavities • Sinuses near the nose are described as paranasalsinuses • Parietal bones: form most of the top and side walls 90006 90007 90014 90003 90004 Temporal bones : form part of the sides and some of the base 90005 • Each contains a mastoid sinus as well as the ear canal, the eardrum, and the entire middle and internal ears.• The mastoid process contains the mastoid air cells and serves as a place for muscle attachment. • Ethmoid bone: located between the eyes • Contains several air spaces, comprising some of the paranasal sinuses 90006 90007 90020 90003 90004 Sphenoid bone: forms part of the eye socket 90005 • It contains a saddle-like depression, the sellaturcica, that holds and protects the pituitary gland • Occipital bone: forms the back and part of the base of the skull • The foramen magnum is a large opening through which the spinal cord communicates with the brain.90006 90007 90026 90003 90004 Skull 90005 Frontal Parietal Temporal Zygomatic Maxilla Occipital Mandible 90006 90007 90032 90003 90004 Facial Bones 90005 • Fourteen bones that make up the face • Mandible: a.k.a. the lower jaw bone, is the only movable bone of the skull • Maxillae bones: fuse at the midline to form the upper jaw bone • Each maxilla contains a large air space, the maxillary sinus, that communicates with the nasal cavity. • Zygomatic bones: form the prominences of the cheeks • Nasal bones: lie side by side, forming the bridge of the nose 90006 90007 90038 90003 90004 Lacrimal bones: lie near the inside corner of the eye in the 90005 front part of the medial wall of the orbital cavity • Vomer bones: forms the lower part of the nasal septum • Palatine bones: form the back of the hard palate • Inferior nasal conchae: extend horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavities • Hyoid bone: found just below the skull proper to which the tongue and other muscles are attached 90006 90007 90044 90003 90004 Framework of the Trunk: Vertebral Column 90005 • Is made of a series of irregularly shaped bones.• There are 33 or 34 in a child, but fusion reduces this number to 26 separate bones in an adult. • Vertebrae have a drum-shaped body, the centrum, located anteriorly that serves as the weight-bearing part; disks of cartilage between the vertebrae act as shock absorbers and provide flexibility. • A foramen is found in the center of each vertebra, and when ligaments link all of the vertebrae, the spinal canal is formed. 90006 90007 90050 90003 90004 The spinal processes are located posteriorly and can usually 90005 be felt just beneath the skin of the back.• Types of vertebrae • Cervical vertebrae: seven in number, located in the neck • The first is the atlas; it supports the head • The second is the axis; it serves as a pivot for the head • Thoracic vertebrae: twelve in number, located in the chest • The posterior ends of the twelve pair of ribs attach to these vertebrae 90006 90007 90056 90003 90004 Lumbar vertebrae: five in number, located in the lower back 90005 • Larger and heavier that the other vertebrae to support more weight • Sacral vertebrae: five separate bones in a child; they fuse to form the sacrum in an adult • Coccyx: consists of four or five tiny bones in a childe; they fuse to form a single bone in an adult 90006 90007 90062 90003 90004 Vertebrae Structure 90005 90006 90007 90068 90003 90004 Bones of the Thorax 90005 • Sternum: breast bone • Manubrium: the top portion • It joins at the top on each side with the clavicle and joins laterally with the first pair of ribs • Sternal angle: a slight elevation where the manubrium joins the body of the sternum • Xiphoid process: the lower end of the sternum; is cartilaginous in youth and ossifies in adults 90006 90007 90074 90003 90004 Ribs 90005 • True ribs: first seven pairs; attached directly to the sternum by individual extensions called costal cartilage • False ribs: remaining five pair; the 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs are attached to the cartilage of the rib above.The last two have no anterior attachments and are known as floating ribs. • Intercostal spaces: the spaces between the ribs containing muscles, blood vessels, and nerves. 90006 90007.