Презентация по истории Древнего мира «Страны Древнего Востока»

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Урок истории в 5 классе по теме «Древний Восток».

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Обеспечить системное усвоение знаний учащихся по теме «Древний Восток». Повторить основные понятия курса, даты, события, вспомнить исторических деятелей этой эпохи. 2. Развивать умение запоминать и извлекать информацию из памяти, способность концентрировать внимание и его распределение. 3. Обогащать и усложнять словарный состав речи, развивать воображение, память, внимание, наблюдательность, целеустремленность, сообразительность, способность ориентироваться в пространстве и времени.

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1. Страна, которая расположена на восточном побережье Средиземного моря, где находятся города Библ, Тир, Сидон. 1. Индия 2. Египет 3. Двуречье 4. Финикия 5. Китай 2. Страна, которая расположена в восточной Азии. В этой стране находится река, которую называют «река тысячи бед» 1. Индия 2. Египет 3. Двуречье 4. Финикия 5. Китай 3. Страна, которая расположена на берегах Нила от первого порога до средиземного моря. 1. Индия 2. Египет 3. Двуречье 4. Финикия 5. Китай 3. Страна, которая расположена между двумя большими реками Евфрат и Тигр. 1. Индия 2. Египет 3. Двуречье 4. Финикия 5. Китай 4. Страна, которая расположена на юге Азии. С севера ее границей служат Гималаи. 1. Индия 2. Египет 3. Двуречье 4. Финикия 5. Китай

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1. Финикия 2. Китай

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5. Индия 3. Египет 4. Двуречье

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1 Хаммурапи Китай 2 Дарий 1 Египет 3 Ашурбанипал Вавилония 4 Тутмос 3 Индия 5 Ашока Персия 6 Конфуций Ассирия

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Хаммурапи Вавилония Дарий 1 Персия Ашурбанипал Ассирия Тутмос 3 Египет Ашока Индия Конфуций Китай

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1 Объединение Китая в единое государство 2 Захват Египта персами 3 Образование единого государства в Египте 4 Строительство пирамиды Хеопса в Египте 5 Взятие Вавилона Персами 6 Правление Хаммурапи в Вавилоне 7 Завоевания фараона Тутмоса 3

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1 Объединение Китая в единое государство 221 г. до н.э. 2 Захват Египта персами 525 г. до н.э. 3 Образование единого государства в Египте 3000 г. до н.э. 4 Строительство пирамиды Хеопса в Египте 2600 г. до н.э. 5 Взятие Вавилона Персами 538 г. до н.э. 6 Правление Хаммурапи в Вавилоне 1792 г. до н.э. 7 Завоевания фараона Тутмоса 3 1500 г. до н.э.

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1. писали на папирусе 1) Финикия 2) Китай 3) Египет 2.писали на пальмовых листьях 1. Финикия 2. индия 3. Ассирия 3. писали на глине 1. Двуречье 2. Китай 3. Финикия 4. писали на бамбуке 1. Персия 2. Финикия 3. Китай 5. изобрели пурпурный краситель 1. Египет 2. Финикия 3. Китай 6. изобрели стекло 1. Китай 2. Финикия 3. индия 7. изобрели шелк 1) Китай 2) индия 3) Египет 8. Первые выращивали чай 1) индия 2) Китай 3) Египет 9. первые изобрели шахматы 1. Китай 2. индия 3. Персия 10. первыми выращивали сахарный тростник 1) индия 2) Китай 3) Египет

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Пройдя из Древнего Египта через Черное море, путешественник попал в Азию. Здесь между реками Тигр и Джамна располагалась Вавилония, которая дала человечеству древнейший письменный свод законов царя Кира. Самыми известными мореплавателями и изобретателями древнейшего алфавита были шумеры. Еврейский народ, живший и в Египте, и в Передней Азии, дал миру известную книгу всех времен и народов – Библию. Государства на Древнем Востоке возникли и распадались стремительно. Так произошло с Ассирией, достигшей своего могущества около тысячи лет до н.э., а распавшейся в 512 г. до н.э. Но больше всего загадок таят древняя Индия и Китай. Ученые до сих пор спорят, отчего погиб город Сяньян в Индии и был ли на самом деле «Сыном Неба» последний китайский император из династии Цынь Шихуан.

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Пройдя из Древнего Египта через Черное (Красное) море, путешественник попал в Азию. Здесь между реками Тигр и Джамна (Евфрат) располагалась Вавилония, которая дала человечеству древнейший письменный свод законов царя Кира(Хаммурапи). Самыми известными мореплавателями и изобретателями древнейшего алфавита были шумеры (финикийцы). Еврейский народ, живший и в Египте, и в Передней Азии, дал миру известную книгу всех времен и народов – Библию. Государства на Древнем Востоке возникли и распадались стремительно. Так произошло с Ассирией, достигшей своего могущества около тысячи лет до н.э., а распавшейся в 512 г. до н.э. Но больше всего загадок таят древняя Индия и Китай. Ученые до сих пор спорят, отчего погиб город Сяньян(Мохенджо-Даро) в Индии и был ли на самом деле «Сыном Неба» последний (первый) китайский император из династии Цинь Шихуанди.

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90000 The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations 90001 90002 Presentation on theme: «The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations» — Presentation transcript: 90003 90004 1 90005 The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations 90006 90007 Chapter 1 The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations 90007 90009 90004 2 90005 The Spread of Homo Sapiens Sapiens 90006 90007 1.It is estimated that the earth is as much as six billion years old. Creatures like human beings appeared in the last three to five million years. The earliest of these, called hominids, lived in Africa. Known as Australopithecines, these first hominids lived in East and South Africa. Unlike other animals, the hominids were capable of passing from one generation to the next a culture. 2. About 1.5 million years ago the second stage of human development occurred with the appearance of Homo erectus ( «upright human beings»).These hominids used more sophisticated tools than Australopithecines and were the first to leave Africa and move into both Europe and Asia. Being nomadic, they followed animal migrations and vegetation cycles. 3. The use of fire as a source of heat and light in caves and a means to cook began about 500,000 years ago. 4. Homo sapiens ( «wise human being») made their appearance about 250,000 years ago. By about 100,000 B.C. there had developed two groups of Homo sapiens — Neanderthal and Homo sapiens sapiens ( «wise, wise human beings»).Remains of the Neanderthal (first found in the Neander Valley in Germany) have been discovered in both Europe and the Middle East. This specie has been dated between 100,000 and 30,000 B.C. They relied on a variety stone tools and in Europe, Neanderthals buried their dead. Neanderthals also made clothes from the skins of animals killed for food. Homo sapiens sapiens, on the other hand, appeared in Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago. About 100,000 B.C., they began migrating out of Africa.By 30,000 B.C. the Homo sapiens sapiens had displaced the Neanderthals who became extinct. Interbreeding between the two races may have occurred. 5. The spread of Homo sapiens sapiens was a very slow process with people in small bands of twenty or thirty people advancing beyond their old hunting grounds at a rate of two or three miles per generation. What drove these people to migrate is unknown but two factors may have been that of seeking a more certain food supply and pressure from competing groups for the same resource area, the loser moving on.Over tens of thousands of years these mobile Homo sapiens sapiens came to populate the world. By 10,000 B.C. the process was completed. 6. The last stage of world occupation by Homo Sapiens Sapiens came about 15,000 years ago when Asians made their way into North America. Driven by a search for a greater food supply or perhaps pursued by other groups, the first occupants crossed by way of Beringia connecting Siberia and America. This bridge may have been either land as a consequence of lower sea levels or ice due to the ice age.Questions: 1. How did the hominids develop and spread to populate the world? 2. What distinguished the various hominids? The Spread of Homo Sapiens Sapiens 90014 90007 90009 90004 3 The First Humans Australopithecines, c. 2-4 million years ago East and South Africa Homo erectus, c. 100, million years ago «upright human being» Europe and Asia Homo sapiens ( «wise human being») Neanderthal, c. 100,000-30,000 B.C. Neander valley of Germany, Europe and Middle East Homo sapiens sapiens, c. 200,000 B.C. «Wise, wise human being» Africa 90007 90009 90004 4 90005 The Development of Agriculture 90006 90007 1. Throughout early hominid development, the people were hunters, fishers, and gatherers, but not producers of food. The division of labor was according to gender. Men were the hunters, fishers, tool and weapon makers, and warriors.Women, less mobile due to childbearing and accompanying responsibilities, smaller in stature, and with less strength, gathered nuts, berries, wove baskets, and made clothing. It was in their capacity as gatherers that women probably discovered how to plant and care for seeds. 2. The Age of Agriculture, during the Neolithic ( «New Stone») Revolution, began following the end of the last ice age around 10,000 B.C.E. and would last to about 4000 B.C.E. The shift to agriculture was slow and probably lasted from about 10, B.C.E. Accompanying the domestication of grains was also the gradual domestication of many animals such as dogs, pigs, cows, goats and sheep. 3. Between 8000 and 7000 B.C.E. agriculture appeared independently in five different areas: the Near East about 8000 B.C.E .; in China, Africa, and Mesoamerica about 4000 B.C.E .; and in India by at least 3600 B.C.E. In the Near East the revolution was centered on wheat, barley, and lentils. Wheat was also the standard in India. Millet and rice were cultivated in southern Asia and China.In Mesoamerica, beans, potatoes, and corn were domesticated. Millet and yams were key in western Africa. 4. The growing of crops led to the establishment of permanent settlements. One of the oldest known agricultural villages was Jericho in Palestine dating from about 8000 B.C.E. By 3000 B.C.E. when writing was invented, there were urban civilizations in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia, the Nile River in Egypt, the Indus River Valley in India, and the Yellow River basin of China.The Mesoamerican urban civilizations would develop in the first millennium C.E. Questions: 1. Examine the transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture. 2. Why was there a sexual division and labor and what were the consequences of this? The Development of Agriculture 90024 90007 90009 90004 5 90005 The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age 90006 90007 Paleolithic Age, c. 2,500,000-10,000 B.C. Nomadic people Division of labor Fire, 500,000 years ago Cave Paintings The Agricultural Revolution (c.10, B.C.E.) Neolithic ( «New Stone») Revolution Mesolithic ( «Middle Stone») Age (c. 10, B.C.) Independent development, B.C. Near East — wheat, barley, lentils Southern Asia — rice, millet Western Africa — millet, yams Middle America — beans, potatoes, corn 90031 90007 90009 90004 6 Middle East, 8000 B.C.E. Jericho Turkey Çatul Hüyük, B.C. Villages and towns Division of labor Writing Metalworking Copper Copper + tin = bronze, B.C. Iron 90007 90009 90004 7 90005 The Ancient Near East The Ancient Near East 90006 90007 1. Protoneolithic culture developed independently in northern Syria and the Jordan Valley at Jericho near the Dead Sea in Palestine. Existing as early as by 8000 B.C.E., Jericho covered several acres by 7000 B.C.E. Massive fortified walls 6 feet 6 inches at the base and at some places 20 feet high surrounded the city.Enclosed within the wall were the houses of the two thousand inhabitants. In the north on the central plateau of Asia Minor above the Taurus Mountains was the Neolithic town of Çatal Hüyük which covered about thirty-two acres and housed about six thousand inhabitants living in one story mud-brick houses built around inner courtyards. Reaching its zenith between 6700 and 5700 B.C.E., the community apparently grew wealthy due to trade in obsidian that was used in jewelry, mirrors, or knives. With adequate rainfall and both plants and animals to domesticate, agriculture apparently began in these plains rather than the river valleys.2. The headwaters of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are found in the mountains of Armenia (modern Turkey). The land between the two rivers is a rolling plateau broken by limestone suitable for pasturage. Beyond the Tigris are wooded hills and fertile, well-watered valleys. The Euphrates flows over a course of about тисяча шістсот сімдесят п’ять miles while the Tigris winds for almost 1 150 miles and joins the Euphrates about 120 miles from the Persian Gulf at the Shatt al-Arab. Subject to rains, tributaries, and the melting snow in the Zagros Mountains between April and May, the two rivers irregularly flood leaving deposits of rich alluvial silt in the swamps of the delta.Such conditions fostered the necessity for water management through irrigation and drainage canals. This required both population concentrations (cities) and organizational and bureaucratic controls. One of the earliest cities was Uruk near the Euphrates. It occupied an area of ​​about a thousand acres and was surrounded by a six-mile long wall with defensive towers every thirty to thirty-five feet. The housing consisted of both the flats of peasants and larger dwellings of civil and religious officials.3. Overland trade routes in Mesopotamia usually followed the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris are frequently steep and difficult. The excellent location of Babylon allowed it to dominate the trade of Mesopotamia. Merchants followed the Tigris north to the lands of Assyria and Armenia while the Euphrates led northwest to Syria, Palestine, and the Mediterranean. 4. The early residents of Mesopotamia, the Sumerians, arrived at the mouths of the Tigris and Euphrates around 4000 B.C.E. and by 3000 B.C.E. had created a number of independent city-states, most notably Ur, Uruk, and Lagash. Vulnerable due to the ease of invasion from the north and constant warring over land and water rights, Semites from Akkad conquered the area. By 1700 B.C.E., the Sumerian element was completely submerged due to the union of Mesopotamia by the Amorite (Semite) Hammurabi (B.C.E.) of Babylon. 5. The Hittites, Indo-Europeans, arrived in Asia Minor about 2700 B.C.E. By about 1750 B.C.E. the Hittite Empire had extended itself to Babylon where the dynasty of Hammurabi was extinguished.Hittite strength came from being the first in the Near East to master the technology of smelting iron. This gave them both a military and commercial advantage. The empire disappeared about 1200 B.C.E. in part due to the attack of marauders called the «Sea People.» Question: 1. What physical and geographical characteristics might affect development of organized society? The Ancient Near East 90041 90007 90009 90004 8 90005 Emergence of Civilization 90006 90007 Characteristics of Civilization Urbanization Religious structure Governmental bureaucracy Military structure Social structure based on economics Materialism Writing 90048 90007 90009 90004 9 90005 Civilization in Mesopotamia 90006 90007 The City States of Ancient Mesopotamia Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Umma, Lagash Ziggurat Theocracy Sumerian city-states, c B.C. Wheel Social groups nobles commoners slaves 90055 90007 90009 90004 10 90005 Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia 90006 90007 Early Dynastic Age, B.C. Akkadian Empire, c B.C. Sargon Third Dynasty of Ur, c B.C. Amorites (Old Babylonians) Code of Hammurabi 282 laws Principle of retribution Consumer protection Slavery Commerce and trade Women 90062 90007 90009 90004 11 90005 Culture of Mesopotamia 90006 90007 Religion Ziggurat Epic of Gilgamesh Writing Cuneiform ( «wedged shaped») Literature Uruk Enkidu Utnapishtim Mathematics and Astronomy Base of 6 and 10 Geometry Calendar — 12 months 90069 90007 90009.90000 PPT — Art of the Ancient Near East Part 1 PowerPoint Presentation, free download 90001 90002 90003 90004 Art of the Ancient Near East Part 1 90005 SUMERIAN ART, 3,000 BCE 90006 90007 90008 90003 90004 SUMERIAN CITY STATES 90005 • Settled in Mesopotamia — birth place of Judaism (Garden of Eden), Christianity and Islam • Continued the development of sustainable agriculture: canal construction, crop collection and distribution • These developments allowed portions of the population to focus on manufacturing, trade and administration • Complex Urban Societies called CITY STATES • THEOCRACY: Each CITY STATE was under the rule and protection of different Mesopotamian deities • Sumerian kings were the god’s representatives on earth and they directed all communal activities of their CITY STATE • Monumental temples were erected in honor of the Gods and their power on Earth • Often at war with each other — WAR and power are common themes in Sumerian art.90006 90007 90014 90003 90004 Writing 90005 Pictographs — pictures standing in for words Cuneiforms — clay tablets carved with wedged shaped forms — beginning of writing Epic of Gilgamesh pre-dates The Odyssey. Tells the story of the legendary King of Uruk. 90006 90007 90020 90003 90004 What are the facts? (F) 90005 Artist: Trades People Patron: Rulers of Sumer Title: White Temple Date: 3,000 BCE Size: Monumental Location: Uruk, Modern Iraq What is the medium and technique? (M) No access to stone.Constructed of Mud Bricks 90006 90007 90026 90003 90004 How is the structureconstructed? (FA) 90005 Temple (cella) Ziggurat Bent-axis Plan 90006 90007 90032 90003 90004 Why was it created? (CA) 90005 • 1. Physical Location • Theocratic society and the central role of god’s in daily life • The main temple dedicated to the city’s chief god, Anu (sky god). • Temple was the nucleus of the city. • 2. Patron • — Priest-King, City • 3. Historical Events • — Constant war and disease = fear of Gods • 4.Concepts and Ideas • — Temples were called waiting rooms: believed the deity would • descend from the heavens and appear before the priests and rulers • in the cella. • — Commercial and administrative decisions tied to worship and ritual 90006 90007 90038 90003 90004 Devices used to declare sacred spaces 90005 • Exclusivity • Material wealth / decoration • Ritual and Ceremony • History of location adding to the site • MEANING / FUNCTION? (MF) • Discuss how the building’s exclusivity, material wealth and ritual function support the religious beliefs and political system of its time? 90006 90007 90044 90003 90004 What are the facts? (F) 90005 Artist: Trades Person Patron: Citizen of Sumer Title: Sumerian Votive Offering Date: 3,000 BCE Size: Varies Location / findspot: Square Temple at Eshnunna What is the medium and technique? (M) Carved Stone, with shell and Black Limestone eyes 90006 90007 90050 90003 90004 What is the artworks content / subject matter? (SM) 90005 Mortal rather than deities — Worshippers • How is the subject matter • visually represented? (FA) • Standing or sitting • Hierarchial scale • Simple forms: cones and cylinders • Stiff • Frontal, hands clasped • Clothing and hair, physical types • Large eyes, awe, fear 90006 90007 90056 90003 90004 WHY WAS IT CREATED (CA) 90005 • 1.PHYSICAL LOCATION • Placed in temples facing altars or statues of Gods • 2. PATRON • Commissioned by worshippers for specific gods. • 3. HISTORICAL EVENTS • Constant threat of war and disease = fear of death • 4. CONCEPTS AND IDEAS • Theocracy, belief in an unpleasant afterlife FUNCTION? (MF) Surrogate for worshipper, offering constant prayer, awe and reverence to the God to ensure a long life. 90006 90007 90062 90003 90004 Discuss howSumerian society 90005 and beliefs shape the form and function of the artwork? 90006 90007 90068 90003 90004 What are the facts? (F) 90005 Artist: Trades Person Patron: Sumerian Aristocray Title: Standard of Ur (War and Peace) Date: 3,000 BCE Size: Varies Location / findspot: Royal Cemetary, Ur What is the medium and technique? (M) Mosaic: Wood, lapis lazuli, shell and red limestone 90006 90007 90074 90003 90004 What is the artworks content / subject matter? (SM) 90005 • — War • Peace 90006 90007 90080 90003 90004 How is the subject matter visually represented? (FA) 90005 • Narrative Devices: • 3 Registers.Read left to right. Bottom to top • Sequential ordering of story: • 1: Narrative Frieze of battle • 2: Gathering and leading away the conquered foe • 3: Delivering the captured • Hierarchy of Scale • Twisted perspective, Conceptual representation 90006 90007 90086 90003 90004 WHY WAS IT CREATED (CA) 90005 1. PHYSICAL LOCATION Placed in burial chamber 2. PATRON Commissioned by family members of the dead or the aristocrat himself. 3. HISTORICAL EVENTS May depict actual war and the victory celebration 4.CONCEPTS AND IDEAS Expresses the idea that the Sumerian King has two principle roles: Mighty warrior and chief administrator who, with the blessing of the Gods, assures the prosperity of the land during peacetime 90006 90007 90092 90003 90004 Meaning / Function? 90005 • Meaning: Communicates two sides of Sumerian society and the Duties of the King • Function: Unknown object Explain how the narrative devices used in the Standard of Ur make meaning? 90006 90007 90098 90003 90004 ART OF LATER MESOPOTAMIA & PERSIA 90005 • Akkadian 2200 BCE • Neo-Sumerian 2100 BCE • Babylonian 1750 BCE • Hittite 1500 BCE • Assyrian тисячі BCE • Neo-Babylonian 500 BCE • Persian 350 BCE 90006 90007 90104 90003 90004 POWER AND AUTHORITY 90005 • Sumer City States come under rule of outsider, Sargon of Akkad • Sargon’s name means «True King» • Empire brings new concept of royal power as loyalty to the king rather than the city-state • Theocracy turns to Monarchy • King is likened to a God — has God-like sovereignty Vandalized head of Akkadian Ruler 90006 90007 90110 90003 90004 What are the facts? (F) 90005 Artist: Unknown Patron: Naram-Sin (Akkadian) Title: Victory Stele of Naram-Sin Date: 2,250 BCE Size: 6 ‘7 «Location / findspot: Susa, Iran What is the medium and technique? (M) Carved Stone Relief 90006 90007 90116 90003 90004 What is the artworks content 90005 / subject matter? (SM) Naram-Sin leading his army up a mountain 90006 90007 90122 90003 90004 WHY WAS IT CREATED (CA) 90005 • HISTORICAL EVENT • To commemorate the victory of • battle in a violent an unstable time • PATRON / CONCEPT • Naram-Sim : King as God 90006 90007 90128 90003 90004 How is the subject matter visually represented? (FA) 90005 • The king stands alone at the top, taller than the rest — rising into the heavens like a ziggurat • He wears a horned helmet signifying divinity gained through victory • He steps on the fallen bodies of his enemies • Enemies are in disarray while his army is ordered = rule / order • Artists no longer using a horizontal frieze.• Tells story by placing figures in a landscape • MEANIG / FUNCTION (MF) 90006 90007 90134 90003 90004 What are the facts? (F) 90005 Artist: Unknown Patron: Hammurabi (Babylon) Title: Stele with the laws of Hammurabi Date: 1,780 BCE Size: 7 ‘4 «Location / findspot: Susa, Iran What is the medium and technique? (M) Bas relief 90006 90007 90140 90003 90004 What is the artworks content 90005 / subject matter? (SM) Top: Shamash (sun God) presenting King with a rod and ring symbolizing Authority Below: Code of Law 90006 90007 90146 90003 90004 WHY WAS IT CREATED (CA) 90005 • HISTORICAL EVENTS • Return of City States — Babylon is a City State • The conception of written law codes • PATRON • Hammurabi — establishes his authority as a divined leader, pious theorcratand micro-manager • CONCEPTS / IDEAS • Leadership and order — • Society needs clear social rule • Law is divine — Precursor to Judeo / Christian beliefs 90006 90007 90152 90003 90004 How is the subject matter visually represented? (FA) 90005 • Hammurabi raises hand in • respect to Shamash • Nearly same size a the god • Shamash hands him a rod • and circle • Symbols are builders tool = • builder of social order • Twisted perspective.• Foreshortening and depth • MEANING / FUNCTION (MF) 90006 90007 90158 90003 90004 What are the facts? (F) 90005 Artist: Unknown Patron: Sargon II — Assyrian Royalty Title: Lamassur Date: 720 BCE Size: 13 ’10 «Location / findspot: palace, Iraq 90006 90007 90164 90003 90004 What is the artworks content 90005 / subject matter? (SM) Lamassu = Winged, man-headed bull • WHY WAS IT CREATED (CA) • HISTORICAL EVENTS • Assyrian Empire • Mindful of possible attack • Built citadels — fortified palaces • LOCATION • Placed at entrance to throne room — ward off king’s enemies • CONCEPT • King as ruler or all — including beasts living and mtyhological 90006 90007 90170 90003 90004 How is the subject matter visually represented? (FA) 90005 • Massive and immobile = intimidating • guardian figure • Visually intimidating monster -Possibly face of the king because wearing go crown • High relief • Twisted perspective = 2 distinctive views • Stylized patterns and naturalism • MEANING / FUNCTION (MF) 90006 90007 90176 90003 90004 What are the facts? (F) 90005 Artist: Unknown Patron: Ashurnasipal II Title: Lamassur Date: 875 BCE Size: 2 ’10 «Location / findspot: Palace, Iraq What is the medium and technique? (M) 90006 90007 90182 90003 90004 WHY WAS IT CREATED (CA) 90005 • LOCATION • Placed walls- Assyrian kings decorated palace walls with narratives establishing their authority • HISTORICAL EVENTS / PATRON documentary detail in artwork.Every relief is inscribed with Ashurnasirpal’s name and describing his accomplishments 90006 90007 90188 90003 90004 What is the artworks content 90005 / subject matter? (SM) Ashunasirpal driving enemies into the Euphrates • How is the subject matter visually represented? (FA) • Condenses space to tell the story clearly • Enlarges human actors so they stand out — they are bigger than the architecture • Uses multiple perspectives to capture decisive moment in history • Meaning / Function (MF) 90006 90007 90194 90003 90004 NEO — BABYLON: IT’S MASSIVE ZIGURAT BECAME IMMOTALIZED AS 90005 THE TOWER OF BABYLON IN THE BIBLE Nebuchadnezzar (604-561 B.C.E.) largely rebuilt this ancient city including its walls and seven gates. What are the facts? (F) Artist: Unknown Patron: Nebuchadnezzar (neo-Baylonian) Title: Gates of Ishtar Date: 575 BCE Size: Monumental Location / findspot: Babylon, Iraq 90006 90007 90200 90003 90004 What is the artworks content 90005 / subject matter? (SM) What is the medium and technique? (M) Mud Brick glazed with lapis lazuli Bricks treated like a mosaic 90006 90007 90206 90003 90004 WHY WAS IT CREATED (CA) 90005 • PATRON • Record of the kings triumphs and contributions to the empire • HISTORICAL EVENTS • Rebirth of Babylonian Empire — conquered Jerusalem • Great building campaign to reinstate glory and authority of Babylon and its king • LOCATION • Surround / Fortified the city but also welcomed friendly guests • CONCEPT • Visual wealth is a signifier of triumph.• Architecture as an intimidator • Architectural decoration as a signifier of God-like control and order 90006 90007 90212 90003 90004 What are the visual characteristics of the structure? (FA) 90005 • Processional leading to the gate lined with nearly life size lions — lions are at eye level, ferocious but under the order and control of the king = fear of the king • Lions are the symbol of the God Ishtar (god of war and wisdom) • aruk (ancient bull) is the symbol of the god Adad — god of storms and fertility of the land and harvest = under the king’s rule the aruk ensures prosperity • Blue lapis glaze + expensive, and visually stunning — testimony to grandeur, intimidaing and impressive 90006 90007 90218 90003 90004 Nebuchadnezzar’s Inscription 90005 • I Nebuchadnezzar laid the foundation of the gates down to the ground water level and had them built out of pure blue stone.Upon the walls in the inner room of the gate are bull and dragon, and thus I magnificently adorned them with luxurious splendor for all mankind to behold in awe. • Discuss how the presentation of the subject matter that adorn the Gates of Ishtar express Nebuchadnezzar’s power and authority. 90006 90007.90000 PPT — The Ancient Middle East PowerPoint Presentation, free download 90001 90002 90003 90004 The Ancient 90005 Middle East Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY 90006 90007 90008 90003 90004 1. Mesopotamia: 90005 «Land Between the Two Rivers» 90006 90007 90014 90003 90004 Indo-European Migrations: 4m-2m BCE 90005 The Middle East: «The Crossroads of Three Continents» 90006 90007 90020 90003 90004 The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area 90005 The Middle East: «The Cradle of Civilization» 90006 90007 90026 90003 90004 USA 90005 Mesopotamia was located in the Middle East.90006 90007 90032 90003 90004 Sumerians 90005 90006 90007 90038 90003 90004 Mesopotamia — The Land Between Two Rivers 90005 Mesopotamia was a place where many cities began to grow. As its name suggests, Mesopotamia was located between two rivers. The two rivers were the Tigris River and the Euphrates River. Mesopotamia was located in the Middle East, and surrounded by desert. People came to Mesopotamia because the soil between the two rivers was very fertile. 90006 90007 90044 90003 90004 The Cradle of Civilization 90005 Mesopotamia is located in the Middle East, which is located in Southwest Asia.As we’ve discussed before, the first civilizations and examples of writing were found in Southwest Asia. These things began in Mesopotamia. When a newborn baby begins life, he or she is placed in a cradle. Mesopotamia is called the cradle of civilization because the first civilizations began there, about 5,500 years ago in 3500 B.C. 90006 90007 90050 90003 90004 City-States Formed Along the Rivers 90005 Many city-states formed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. They each had their own form of government, and the people worshipped different gods and goddesses.Eventually, they each had their own kings. The region where the two rivers meet was called Sumer. The people who lived in the Sumer region were called Sumerians. 90006 90007 90056 90003 90004 Map Q’s 90005 • Between what two rivers does Mesopotamia lie? • How many different civilizations existed in Mesopotamia? • Which came first the Old Kingdom of Egypt or the civilization of Sumer? • By how many years? • What civilization controlled most of Mesopotamia? • Which group had the biggest influence in the region? • Explain the relationship between the different civilizations that co-existed in Mesopotamia.90006 90007 90062 90003 90004 Mesopotamian Trade 90005 «The Cuneiform World» 90006 90007 90068 90003 90004 Sumerians 90005 Writing first began in Sumerian cities. The first schools were set up in Sumer over 4,000 years ago. Sumerian schools taught boys the new invention of writing. Those who graduated became professional writers called scribes. Scribes were the only people who could keep records for the kings and priests. Boys that wanted to be scribes had to attend school from the age of 8 to the age of 20.Remember, Sumer is the region where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers meet. 90006 90007 90074 90003 90004 Cuneiform: «Wedge-Shaped» Writing 90005 90006 90007 90080 90003 90004 Sumerian Writing 90005 Scribes used a sharp point called a stylus to etch words into clay tablets. These tablets have been discovered by archaeologists and looked at by historians. 90006 90007 90086 90003 90004 Cuneiform Writing 90005 90006 90007 90092 90003 90004 Deciphering Cuneiform 90005 90006 90007 90098 90003 90004 Write a message in cuniform 90005 • Using the clay tablet in front of you & the stylus (toothpick) that I have provided write a paragraph comparing & contrasting the two cultures of ancient Sumer & ancient Egypt.90006 90007 90104 90003 90004 Sumerian Scribes 90005 «Tablet House» 90006 90007 90110 90003 90004 Compare & Contrast Egypt to Sumer 90005 90006 90007 90116 90003 90004 Why Did These Cities Develop? 90005 Due to the fertile soil in Mesopotamia, farming was very successful. In fact, people were able to create surpluses of food. This meant that some people could stop farming and begin doing other things, like building a city. As cities began to develop, people began to worry about others who might come and invade their city.They wanted to protect themselves from enemies, so people in Mesopotamia built walls around their cities. 90006 90007 90122 90003 90004 Sumerian Cities 90005 On hot nights, people slept outdoors on the top of their house’s flat roof. Sumerians had a form of light at night. They burned oil lamps. Sumerians even had plumbing! Clay pipes that were buried underground carried their waste away. Inventions like plumbing would not come around for another thousand years in other parts of the world! 90006 90007 90128 90003 90004 Sumerian Religion 90005 Sumerians worshipped many gods, not just one.This belief in many gods is called polytheism. «Poly» means many and «Theism» means gods. The picture above shows a ziggurat. Ziggurats were the main temples used to worship the gods of a city. Ziggurats were built in the center of the city. They had steps and ramps, and it was believed that the gods descended to the Earth using the ziggurat as a ladder. 90006 90007 90134 90003 90004 Sumerian Mythology 90005 Sumerian myths, or stories, explained people’s beliefs. Sumerians believed that a person must keep the gods happy by going to the ziggurat and praying to them.They believed that the gods would reward them for good service. They also believed that the gods would punish the people who made them angry. ziggurat Gods 90006 90007 90140 90003 90004 REMEMBER WE ARE TALKING ABOUT SUMER ONLY, & THEY ARE NOT THE 90005 ONLY CIVILIZATION THAT EXISTED IN MESOPOTAMIA. 90006 90007 90146 90003 90004 City-States Formed Along the Rivers 90005 Many city-states formed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. They each had their own form of government, and the people worshipped different gods and goddesses.Eventually, they each had their own kings. The region where the two rivers meet was called Sumer. The people who lived in the Sumer region were called Sumerians. 90006 90007 90152 90003 90004 Ziggurat at Ur 90005 • Temple • «Mountain of the Gods» 90006 90007 90158 90003 90004 Ziggurat 90005 • Originally the temples at the center of each city-state were built on a platform. As time passed, these platform temples evolved into temple-towers called ziggurats. The ziggurat was the first major building structure of the Sumerians.Constructed of sun-baked mud bricks, the ziggurats were usually colorfully decorated with glazed fired bricks. • The ziggurat housed each city-state’s patron god or goddess. Only priests were permitted inside the ziggurat; as a result, they were very powerful members of Sumerian society. 90006 90007 90164 90003 90004 Build your own 90005 Empty rectangular boxes of a variety of sizes (we used a tomato sauce box, a cereal box, a hot cocoa box and an empty box of tea) Glue (we also used a bit of tape) Paintbrushes Craft or Tempera paint, brown Measuring Spoon & Cup Cornmeal Permanent Marker 90006 90007 90170 90003 90004 Sumerian Cylinder Seals 90005 90006 90007 90176 90003 90004 The Downfall of the Sumerians 90005 Each of the Sumerian city-states had a ruler, and these city-states began fighting each other.They fought over land and the use of river water. Since the Sumerians were constantly at war with each other, they became weak. By 2000 BC, Sumer was a weakened area, and by 1759 BC, Sumer was conquered by another group of people — the Babylonians, who were from the north. 90006 90007 90182 90003 90004 Bridge Map 90005 Compare the civilizations of the ancient Sumerians to the civilization of the ancient Egyptians. Think about: writing, buildings, religion, stories, society, leadership, daily life.90006 90007 90188 90003 90004 Gilgamesh 90005 90006 90007 90194 90003 90004 Gilgamesh 90005 90006 90007 90200 90003 90004 Gilgamesh 90005 Read in your Humanities circles & answer 8 prompts about the story. Complete the Flow Map. 90006 90007 90206 90003 90004 Gilgamesh Epic Tablet: Flood Story 90005 90006 90007 90212 90003 90004 The Royal Standard of Ur 90005 90006 90007 90218 90003 90004 Mesopotamian Harp 90005 90006 90007 90224 90003 90004 Board Game From Ur 90005 90006 90007 90230 90003 90004 Sophisticated Metallurgy Skillsat Ur 90005 90006 90007 90236 90003 90004 Sargon of Akkad: The World’s First Empire [Akkadians] 90005 90006 90007 90242 90003 90004 Sargon of Akkad 90005 • Sargon of Akkad reigned from 2334 to 2279 BC, creating an empire that united all of Mesopotamia since the Tower of Babel.He was an Akkadian Semite from the line of Noah’s son Shem, like the later Assyrians, Babylonians, and Hebrews. When he conquered the dominant Sumerians, he created the first great Semitic empire. Although Sargon began his life as an orphan adopted by a gardener and not in a royal family, he rose up in power and conquered all the great kings around him. Rebellions surfaced during his life and the life of his sons but did not tear the empire apart until the reign of his grandson. Soon after, the Akkadian empire fell.• There are many legends surrounding the birth and upbringing of Sargon, though they probably have varying degrees of truth. When the events from the legends are combined, we see that Sargon’s rise to emperor was a huge accomplishment. While the identity of his father is not clearly known, the legend states that his mother was a temple priestess. Giving birth to him in secret and setting him in a basket to float, she abandoned him to the Euphrates river. Akki, a gardener, rescued him from the river and raised him.After working as a gardener for Akki, Sargon rose to the position of cup-bearer to Ur-Zababa, the king of Kish. 90006 90007 90248 90003 90004 Story continued ……. 90005 • One legend tells how Ur-Zababa rose to power, appointed Sargon as cup-bearer, and then attempted to murder him. An and Enlil, Sumerian gods, decided to oppose the reign of Ur-Zababa and to remove his wealth from him. Then, fearful because of a dream that the goddess Inanna would give Sargon his kingdom, Ur-Zababa attempted to murder him.When this attempt failed, Ur-Zababa sent Sargon with a note to Lugalzagesi, king of Uruk, containing instructions to kill Sargon. Here the legend stops-but history continues. Instead of being killed by Lugalzagesi, Sargon later made war against Lugalzagesi’s empire, and became emperor in his place. • Before Sargon became emperor, Sumer consisted of many city-state governments. Lugalzagesi, king of Uruk, marched through Sumer and conquered the city-states one by one, uniting all of Sumer under his authority.Sargon began his rise to power by attacking Lugalzagesi and his Sumerian empire. Sargon conquered him, stripping him of kingship and placing all of Sumer under his own command-establishing the first empire to cover all of Mesopotamia. 90006 90007 90254 90003 90004 Continued ……… .. 90005 • As the kingship of the united Sumer transferred to Sargon, the individual city-states took advantage of the ensuing confusion. They rebelled against Sargon, their new ruler, and forced him to support his claim as king through military might.After his defeat of Lugalzagesi he traveled throughout Sumer conquering one city-state after another. Not content with ruling the land of Sumer and Akkad, he expanded his empire as far as Lebanon and the Taurus mountains of Turkey. • He continued to encounter uprisings as city-nations rose up against his authority. Nearly three-thousand years later, the Babylonians will tell of the kings who rose against Sargon, and his rescue by Inanna, the moon goddess (known in the Bible as Ishtar). Later he boasts about his prowess: «In my old age of 55, all the lands revolted against me, and they besieged me in Agade ‘but the old lion still had teeth and claws’ I went forth to battle and defeated them: I knocked them over and destroyed their vast army.’Now, any king who wants to call himself my equal, Wherever I went, let him go’! » 90006 90007 90260 90003 90004 The End 90005 • According to the Sumerian king list and other records, Sargon reigned for fifty-six years, and then the kingship was passed to his son, Rimuc, who battled endless rebellions for nine years. The kingship then passed on to Sargon’s other son, and finally to his grandson, Naram-Suen. During his reign, the empire began to unravel as city-states broke away from the empire.Soon after, a barbaric tribe from the Zagros mountains to the east invaded and conquered the Akkadian empire. 90006 90007 90266 90003 90004 Bubble Map: Sargon of Akkad 90005 90006 90007 90272 90003 90004 The Babylonian Empires 90005 90006 90007 90278 90003 90004 Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Code 90005 90006 90007 90284 90003 90004 Code of Hammurabi 90005 90006 90007 90290 90003 90004 Compare & Contrast the code of Hammurabi with another law 90005 code 90006 90007 90296 90003 90004 Hammurabi, the Judge 90005 90006 90007 Load More….90000 PPT — Art of the Ancient Near East PowerPoint Presentation, free download 90001 90002 90003 90004 Art of the Ancient Near East 90005 90006 90007 90008 90003 90004 Chapter 2 90005 The Rise of Civilization: The Art of the Ancient Near East Gardner’s Art Through the Ages , 12e 90006 90007 90014 90003 90004 The Ancient Near East 90005 90006 90007 90020 90003 90004 Figure 2-1 White Temple and ziggurat, Uruk (modern Warka), 90005 Iraq, ca. 3200-3000 BCE. 90006 90007 90026 90003 90004 White Temple and Ziggurat at Uruk, c.3200-3000 BCE 90005 90006 90007 90032 90003 90004 use of mud brick / desire for monumental architecture / 90005 celestial orientation / cella 90006 90007 90038 90003 90004 Ziggurat at Ur (modern day Iraq), c.2100-2050 BCE 90005 90006 90007 90044 90003 90004 Figure 2-4 Presentation of offerings to Inanna (Warka 90005 Vase), from Uruk, Iraq, ca. 3200-3000 BCE. Alabaster, 3 ‘1/4 «high. Iraq Museum, Baghdad. 90006 90007 90050 90003 90004 Mesopotamian Religion, Mythology, Gods and Goddesses 90005 • How are ancient Near Eastern ideas about religion different from Paleolithic and earlier Neolithic ideas? • Explore how these ideas are depicted in Sumerian sculpture, seals, and funerary objects.90006 90007 90056 90003 90004 Statuettes from the Temple of Abu at Eshnunna 90005 (Tell Asmar), c. 2700-2600 BCE, gypsum stylization of physical types / hypnotic gaze 90006 90007 90062 90003 90004 Statuettes from Tell Asmar 90005 • Short compact statues • Arms folded in front • Inscription on back «Always praying» • Huge eyes with giant pupils • Men have long flowing beards that ripple down chest • Compact statues • Arms cut away at side • Wear kilts Sumerian Art 90006 90007 90068 90003 90004 Above: Impression from a Sumerian cylinder seal, c.2500 90005 BCELeft: Seated Statuette of Urnanshe, from the Ishtar temple at Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria), c. 2600-2500 BCE, gypsum 90006 90007 90074 90003 90004 Left: Soundbox of a Sumerian lyre (Ur, Iraq), c. 2600 90005 BCEBelow: Lyre from Sumerian Royal Cemetery (Ur, Iraq), c. 2600 BCE 90006 90007 90080 90003 90004 Standard of Ur 90005 Hierarchy of Scale Narrative in art King inspects defeated enemies Horses placed behind each other to suggest depth Enemies nude to suggest defeat and debasement Repetition of forms Soundbox of a Lyre Attached to a lyre, found in a Sumerian royal grave Animals acting as people in ceremonies Separate scenes? Or scenes from the same story? Sumerian Art 90006 90007 90086 90003 90004 Standard of Ur (Ur), c.2700 BCE 90005 Contrast between war and peace / use of registers to depict a narrative / discoveries from royal Sumerian graves / depiction of human figures / lapis lazuli 90006 90007 90092 90003 90004 «War side» of the Standard of Ur 90005 90006 90007 90098 90003 90004 «Peace side» of the Standard of Ur «90005 90006 90007 90104 90003 90004 2.2 Akkadian, Neo-Sumerian, Babylonian, and Hittite 90005 Cultures • Evaluate the stylistic and formal visual aspects of later Mesopotamian art and its iconography • Identify cultures that ruled the Mesopotamian regions throughout early history • Critically evaluate the role of art and power in different Near Eastern civilizations from this period • Evaluate architecture in different civilizations in Near Eastern cultures 90006 90007 90110 90003 90004 Ancient Near Eastern Politics and Art 90005 • Explore how art is used to express political ideas of kingship and territory in the ancient Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian cultures.90006 90007 90116 90003 90004 Victory Stele of Naram-Sin 90005 • Naram-Sin as a god ruling with three gods symbolized as stars • Defeats his enemies: one thrown off cliff, one begs for mercy; one has a spear through his throat • Naram-Sin acts with the gods ‘blessings, but is independent of them • He wears the horned crown of divinity • He and his army climb a mountain • Narrative in art • Hierarchy of scale • Relief sculpture • Rigid ground lines discarded • Regimentation of winners as opposed to the scattered defeated Akkadian Art 90006 90007 90122 90003 90004 Victory Stele of Naram-Sin (from Susa, Iran), 2254-2218 BCE, 90005 pink sandstone 90006 90007 90128 90003 90004 use of a stele to commemorate a victory / Sargon of Akkad and 90005 Naram Sin / hierarchical proportion / organization of figures / incorporating landscape 90006 90007 90134 90003 90004 Head of an Akkadian ruler (Ninevah, Iraq), c.2250-2200 BCE, 90005 copperbalance of naturalism and stylization / introduction of cast sculpture / Akkadian concept of imperial power 90006 90007 90140 90003 90004 Seated Statue of Gudea from LagashNeo-Sumerian 90005 c. 2100 BCE 90006 90007 90146 90003 90004 Right: Votive statue of Gudea, c.2120 BCE, dioriteThe ensi 90005 Gudea / image of piety for the god Ningirsu / use of diorite 90006 90007 90152 90003 90004 The Code of Hammurabi 90005 • Explore the Code of Hammurabi, how it is expressed in art and why it contributes to cultural understanding in the ancient Near East.90006 90007 90158 90003 90004 Babylonian Art 90005 Stele of Hammurabi • 300 law codes at bottom • Punishments depend on social standing • Earliest body of laws in existence • Hammurabi standing saluting god Shamash • Hammurabi rules with the permission of the god • Shamash hands the code to him • Divinely inspired law • Shamash has a coil-shaped crown, an extremely long beard and flames (wings?) coming from his back • Cuneiform 90006 90007 90164 90003 90004 Stele with law code of Hammurabi (Susa, Iran), c.1780 BCE, 90005 basalt 90006 90007 90170 90003 90004 use of law to establish a central government (talion law) / 90005 god (Shamash) and ruler linked 90006 90007.